Despite growing awareness of cervical cancer across sub-Saharan Africa, screening uptake remains disproportionately low. This study examined the interplay between information sources, knowledge levels and cervical cancer screening behaviour among female academic and non-academic staff in two Nigerian tertiary institutions. A cross-sectional survey was conducted using structured, pre-tested questionnaires. Data were collected on sociodemographics, risk-associated behaviours, awareness, information exposure and knowledge of cervical cancer. Composite scores were calculated for the knowledge domains (risk factors, prevention and screening methods). Bivariate associations with screening behaviour were assessed using chi-square tests, and risk estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were reported. Among 1,311 respondents, awareness of cervical cancer was high, with 1,154 respondents (88%; 95% CI: 86%–90%) affirming prior knowledge. However, only 352 participants (27%; 95% CI: 24%–29%) had ever undergone cervical cancer screening. Screening uptake was significantly higher among women exposed to more than three information sources (42%) compared to those with one or two (27%) (p < 0.001). High knowledge of risk factors was associated with a fourfold increase in screening probability (OR: 4.1; 95% CI: 3.0–5.9), while overall knowledge level showed a transparent gradient across all domains (p < 0.0001). No statistically significant association was observed between information exposure and risky sexual behaviours (p = 0.09). Knowledge and diversity of information sources are strong predictors of screening uptake, yet structural and psychosocial barriers persist. Interventions must integrate community-based education, culturally sensitive service delivery and innovative screening models, such as human papillomavirus self-sampling and flexible clinic hours, to improve uptake. A holistic, multi-level approach is essential for Nigeria to meet the World Health Organisation’s 2030 targets for cervical cancer elimination.