New research is providing important insights into how COVID-19 persists in cancer patients even long after testing positive. The findings were recently published in iScience.

During a peak of COVID-19 in 2020, there was concern around cancer patients who had contracted COVID-19 and developed severe inflammatory reactions that looked similar to autoimmune conditions.

To better understand this phenomenon, researchers studied three cancer patients who had undergone transplant therapies and were hospitalised with severe COVID-19 infections.

The research team discovered that even up to six weeks after a patient's last positive nasal swab test, the virus was still present in the lining of their gut. The persistence of the virus appeared to trigger increased inflammation and damage to tissue.

The researchers also identified a specific inflammatory marker, called SERPINA1, that was consistently linked to tissue inflammation in these cases.

“COVID-19 can persist in gastrointestinal tissue, and this may be associated with inflammation and poor patient outcomes during the process of transplantation,” said Justin Hwang, Ph.D., an assistant professor with the University of Minnesota Medical School and a Masonic Cancer Centre researcher.

“Prior to treatments and clinical decisions, one may consider measuring GI tissue markers, such as SERPINA1. This may be especially important when considering the use of anti-cancer transplantation therapies.”

“We learned that the virus that causes COVID-19 infection lasted longer in the intestines than we would have predicted. More research is needed to determine whether there is a link to Long COVID or other similar complications in this at-risk population,” added Emil Lou, MD, Ph.D., FACP, a physician-scientist and gastrointestinal oncologist with the Masonic Cancer Centre, and professor with tenure with the University of Minnesota Medical School and M Health Fairview.

Further research will aim to study larger groups that have been infected with COVID-19. The researchers also recommend caution around patients with high levels of SERPINA1, who may need close monitoring as some cancer treatments could increase inflammation.

Article: SARS-CoV-2 infection drives local inflammation of the intestinal epithelium in immunocompromised patients with cancer

Source: University of Minnesota Medical School