Cancer is one of the leading causes of death globally, with nearly 20 million new cases and 9.7 million deaths in 2022.

Early detection plays a crucial role in reducing cancer-related morbidity and mortality, but many cancers are diagnosed at advanced stages due to subtle early symptoms and lack of awareness.

Liquid biopsy, a non-invasive approach that examines circulating tumour components in body fluids, has emerged as a groundbreaking technology in cancer detection.

This review presents the advancements in liquid biopsy, its clinical applications, and the challenges and opportunities it presents, especially for early cancer diagnosis.

Liquid Biopsy Components and Techniques

Liquid biopsy encompasses the analysis of several tumour-derived components found in body fluids, including cell-free DNA (cfDNA), circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA), circulating tumour cells (CTCs), and exosomes.

These biomarkers are released into the bloodstream by tumours and can provide valuable molecular insights for precision oncology.

Circulating cfDNA and ctDNA: cfDNA consists of DNA fragments released from normal cells and tumour cells, while ctDNA is a subset of cfDNA specifically derived from tumour cells.

ctDNA offers real-time monitoring of tumour dynamics, making it an ideal biomarker for early detection and tracking of mutations or epigenetic changes associated with cancer progression.

Circulating Tumour Cells (CTCs): CTCs are tumour cells that detach from primary tumours and enter the bloodstream.

Though they represent early stages of metastasis, the rarity of CTCs in the blood poses challenges for detection.

Advances in microfluidic technologies have improved CTC isolation and analysis, enabling insights into tumour heterogeneity and metastatic potential.

Exosomes: Exosomes are small vesicles secreted by tumour cells that carry genetic, proteomic, and lipidomic information.

They are abundant and stable in body fluids, making them an attractive source for biomarkers in liquid biopsy.

Exosome-based liquid biopsy has shown potential in identifying biomarkers for early-stage cancers and monitoring treatment response.

Clinical Applications in Early Cancer Detection

Liquid biopsy has significant potential in detecting various types of cancer at early stages, such as lung, breast, colorectal, prostate, and gastric cancers.

Unlike tissue biopsies, which are invasive and may fail to capture tumour heterogeneity, liquid biopsy offers a safer, repeatable, and dynamic alternative.

By analysing circulating biomarkers such as cfDNA, ctDNA, and CTCs, liquid biopsy enables early detection of cancer and provides a comprehensive overview of tumour biology.

Lung Cancer: Liquid biopsy techniques, including ctDNA and CTC analysis, have shown promising results in detecting lung cancer at early stages.

Studies have demonstrated that ctDNA levels correlate with tumour volume and can be used to monitor therapeutic efficacy.

Additionally, CTC detection has shown promise in identifying high-risk patients, such as smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), before the appearance of visible tumours on imaging.

Breast Cancer: For breast cancer, liquid biopsy can detect biomarkers like cfDNA and exosomal miRNAs.

Research has shown that profiling miRNAs in plasma can help distinguish early-stage breast cancer from healthy controls.

However, challenges remain in detecting CTCs in early-stage breast cancer, and sensitivity improvements are needed for clinical application

Colorectal Cancer: In colorectal cancer (CRC), liquid biopsy techniques, including CTC and cfDNA methylation profiling, have been demonstrated to effectively detect early-stage cancer.

The Epi proColon test, which uses cfDNA methylation biomarkers, has already received FDA approval as a blood-based CRC screening test.

Challenges and Opportunities

Despite the advancements, several challenges hinder the widespread use of liquid biopsy.

These include issues with sensitivity and specificity, especially in early-stage cancers where biomarker levels are low.

Standardisation of detection methods, sample collection, and analysis protocols is crucial for ensuring reproducibility and reliability across clinical settings.

Additionally, while liquid biopsy provides a non-invasive and dynamic method for monitoring tumour evolution and treatment response, its effectiveness is still limited by the rarity of CTCs and the heterogeneity of ctDNA.

Ongoing research is focused on enhancing the sensitivity of these assays through innovative detection platforms and integrating multi-omics approaches to capture more comprehensive biomarker data.

Conclusion

Liquid biopsy holds immense promise as a minimally invasive tool for early cancer detection and monitoring, offering significant advantages over traditional tissue biopsies.

With advancements in detection technologies and biomarker profiling, liquid biopsy has the potential to revolutionise cancer screening, diagnosis, and personalised treatment.

However, addressing current limitations related to sensitivity, specificity, and standardisation is essential to fully realise its clinical potential.

The future of liquid biopsy lies in its integration with other diagnostic modalities and continued research into novel biomarkers and detection platforms.

Source: Xia & He Publishing Inc.