When prostate cancer progresses to a more-dangerous metastatic state, it does so by resurrecting dormant molecular mechanisms that had guided the foetal development of the prostate gland but had been subsequently switched off, say scientists from Dana-Farber Cancer Institute.

The study, an international collaboration with The Netherlands Cancer Institute, was published in Nature Genetics.

"It shows that particular programs that were operative during prostate foetal development become reactivated during metastatic disease," said Matthew Freedman, MD, a Dana-Farber medical oncologist and co-corresponding author of the report.

"The reactivation of these programs is presumably important for the spread of the disease, and if we could understand it better, and potentially block or inhibit the process, it may help us to suppress metastatic prostate disease."

The insight, gained from one of the largest studies of charting the epigenetic landscape in normal, cancerous, and metastatic prostate tissues, could lay the groundwork for identifying ways of slowing or preventing the initiation and spread of prostate cancer, the investigators say.

The comprehensive study of epigenetic changes in prostate cancer, the authors propose, "is foundational for understanding the mechanisms underlying tumour progression" and identifying viable therapeutic targets and vulnerabilities.

The discovery reflects the crafty, efficient nature of cancer's survival strategies.

The investigators showed that cells in a localised prostate tumour need not adopt a new mechanism to acquire the characteristics that enable them to migrate away from their origin and travel around the body.

Rather, they reactivate a molecular pathway which, in the developing embryo and foetus, had enabled cells to move about and invade tissues to form the prostate gland in foetal development.

Then, no longer needed, the pathway was shut down in the mature prostate gland.

Although silenced, the molecular "memory" of the mechanism remained present in the epigenome of the prostate cells.

"As the cancer cell searches for ways to grow and metastasise, it appears to access and hijack the program that is most easily 'visible' - the bookmarked developmental site," explained Mark Pomerantz, MD, co-first author of the report and a medical oncologist in the Lank Center for Genitourinary Oncology at Dana-Farber. 

"Development is a time of great movement and a time of great invasion - similar traits that are used by tumour cells to metastasise," explained Freedman.

"We were amazed to see this was a universal phenomenon, shared by all metastatic prostate tumours we studied," said Wilbert Zwart, PhD, of the Netherlands Cancer Institute and co-corresponding author of the study.

Prostate cancer can be viewed as an epigenetic disease.

Epigenetics literally means "above" or "on top of" genetics and refers to modifications that turn genes "on" or "off" without changing the DNA sequence.

The investigators say that the study produced the largest epigenomic dataset in prostate biology spanning normal, prostate tumours, as well as metastatic prostate disease.

"It's a landscape that will serve as a foundation for countless other investigators to utilise these data within their own experiments," said Pomerantz.

The researchers analysed 268 sets of epigenetic data from patient-derived samples related to the transition of normal prostate tissue to localised prostate tumours, and from localised tumours to metastatic disease.

They integrated the datasets to identify thousands of sites across the prostate genome that regulate expression of nearby and faraway genes.

The specific reconfiguration of these gene regulatory elements is implicated in prostate tumour formation and progression.

To demonstrate the broad utility of the data, the researchers also noted that the DNA code within these regulatory elements, "were strongly associated with prostate cancer risk heritability" - that is, these regions harboured genetic variants that increase the likelihood of someone developing prostate cancer.

"This work has been the result of many years of intense international collaboration and a prime example of how international teamwork pushes the field forward to better understand cancer," said Zwart.

Source: Dana-Farber Cancer Institute