Being able to identify targets for adoptive cell therapies is one of the first steps in developing personalised treatments for people with hard-to-treat cancers.

However, predicting whether a patient will have an immune response to a particular abnormal protein caused by mutations that serves as a new antigen can be challenging. 

Using an ultra-sensitive and high-throughput isolation technology designed to isolate neoepitope specific T-cells, researchers were able to characterise and identify the neoantigens driving the anti-tumour responses in a patient treated with anti-PD-1 blockade and isolate the T cell receptors responsible for such effect.

This study was presented at the 2019 American Association of Cancer Research meeting. 

Using immune checkpoint inhibitors to treat people with metastatic melanoma has helped transform the way people with the most deadly skin cancer are treated.

Despite its success, there are still many people who do not benefit from the treatment.

Up until now, adoptive cell therapy, which involves extracting and harvesting T cells from a patient and engineering them in the laboratory, have targeted shared antigens.

That restricts many of the people that can potentially be treated with the therapy because not every cancer has the same antigen that needs to be targeted.

Researchers are working to improve methods to identify new targets for these therapies in hopes to develop more effective and personalised therapies

Researchers analysed T cell responses in two patients with advanced melanoma, one who responded to anti-PD1 therapy and one who did not respond to the therapy.

Using samples collected before and during treatment, the team isolated the T cells specifically recognising the mutations on the tumour by using the technology.

The technology allows researchers to identify the T cells, and their T cell receptors, that have the ability to detect mutations.

After identifying the T cell receptors, they were re-introduced in T cells from peripheral blood using a non-viral genome engineering method to generate new neoantigen-specific T cells that were used to kill melanoma cells from the same patient.

"In the setting of patients treated with anti-PD-1, we identified for the first time, in a high-throughput manner, which neoantigen mutations in the tumour are being targeted by T cells. More importantly, we were able to identify their T cell receptors and demonstrate that they can actually specifically kill the tumour cells," said lead author Cristina Puig-Saus, PhD, associate project scientist in haematology/oncology at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA.

"We hope that a better understanding of the T cell responses that occur after immune checkpoint blockade will guide the design of personalised adoptive T cell therapies."

Uncovering new ways to identify targets for immunotherapies significantly increases the number of patients who will benefit from immunotherapy.

This type of technology allows researchers to identify the mutation-specific T cells and understand which mutations are inducing responses against tumours.

Source: UCLA Research Alert