A noninvasive PET imaging method that measures granzyme B, a protein released by immune cells to kill cancer cells, was able to distinguish mouse and human tumours that responded to immune checkpoint inhibitors from those that did not respond early in the course of treatment, according to data published in Cancer Research, a journal of the American Association for Cancer Research.

“In our study, we found a marker that was highly predictive of response to immunotherapy at a very early time after starting treatment, and we were able to design an imaging probe to detect this marker and accurately predict response noninvasively,” said Umar Mahmood, MD, PhD, professor of radiology at Harvard Medical School and director of the Division of Precision Medicine at Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging in Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Boston.

Although immunotherapies, such as checkpoint inhibitors, have revolutionised cancer treatment, they only work in a minority of patients, which means that most patients receiving this treatment will not benefit but still have the increased risk of side effects, besides losing time that they could spend on other therapies, Mahmood explained.

“The ability to differentiate early in the course of treatment patients who are likely to benefit from immunotherapy from those who will not can greatly improve individual patient care and help accelerate the development of new therapies,” he said.

Response to immunotherapy often cannot be measured effectively at early time points by traditional imaging techniques that measure tumour size, such as CT and MRI scans, or those that measure tumour glucose uptake, such as FDG PET, because these techniques cannot distinguish a nonresponding tumour from a tumour that is responding to immunotherapy but appears to grow in size because it is filled with immune cells and accompanied by increased glucose uptake, Mahmood noted.

Tissue biopsies can be unreliable because of tumour heterogeneity and constant changes in the levels of the biomarker proteins measured.

Mahmood and colleagues designed a probe that binds to granzyme B—a protein that immune cells release to kill their target—after it is released from the immune cells, so they could directly measure tumour cell killing.

The researchers attached the probe to a radioactive atom and used PET scanning to noninvasively image the entire body and see where immune cells are actively releasing tumour-killing granzyme B.

The team tested their probe in tumour-bearing mice before and after treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors and found that one group of mice had high PET signal, meaning high levels of granzyme B in the tumours, while the other group had low levels of PET signal in the tumours.

When the two groups of mice were followed, all mice with high PET signal responded to the therapy and their tumours subsequently regressed, whereas those with low PET signal did not respond to the therapy, and their tumours continued to grow.

“Because PET imaging is quantitative, we could measure the degree of effectiveness and put a number on it,” Mahmood said.

When they compared the data from monotherapy and combination therapy, they saw a significant increase in tumour granzyme B PET signal in the combination group.

“These findings could have a significant impact on drug development, as different combinations could be imaged at very early time points in patients and the levels of tumour granzyme B used to compare treatments and rank effectiveness,” Mahmood said. “Further, therapeutics that achieve high levels of granzyme B release can be advanced faster and those leading to low granzyme B release can be altered or eliminated.”

The researchers then collaborated with Keith Flaherty, MD, and Genevieve Boland, MD, PhD, from MGH, and tested their probe on nine human melanoma biopsy samples, six from patients treated with nivolumab (Opdivo) and three from those treated with pembrolizumab (Keytruda).

They detected high levels of granzyme B in the samples from responders and much lower levels in the samples from nonresponders.

A limitation of the study is that the probe has not yet been tested in the clinic, but the researchers are actively pursuing it, Mahmood noted.

This study was funded by the National Institutes of Health. Mahmood is the cofounder and consultant at CytoSite BioPharma, a company that is further developing the granzyme B PET imaging probe for clinical translation.

Source: AACR