Breast cancer screening in Denmark was associated with a substantial increase in the incidence of non-advanced tumours and DCIS but not with a reduction in the incidence of advanced tumours.

The rate of over diagnosis was also substantial.

The findings of a cohort study are published in Annals of Internal Medicine.

Effective breast cancer screening should detect early-stage cancer and prevent advanced disease.

Over diagnosis occurs when mammography detects small tumours that may never affect the patient's health during a lifetime.

The problem with over diagnosis is that it exposes patients to the potential harms of treatment, such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation, without a clinical benefit.

Whether screening reduces the incidence of advanced tumours has important treatment implications.

Using data from two comprehensive Danish cancer registries, researchers sought to examine the association of screening with a reduction in the incidence of advanced cancer and estimate the level of over diagnosis in the country's breast screening program, which offered biennial mammography for women aged 50 - 69 years beginning in different regions at different times.

The authors measured the incidence of advanced and non-advanced breast cancer tumours in screened and unscreened women.

To examine trends in over diagnosis, the authors compared the incidence of advanced tumours in women aged 50 to 84 in screening and non-screening areas and compared the incidence for non-advanced tumours among women aged 35 to 49, 50 to 69, and 70 to 84 years in both screening and non-screening areas.

They concluded that screening was not associated with lower incidence of advanced tumours and approximately 1 in 3 invasive tumours and cases of DCIS diagnosed in screened women represent over diagnosis.

In an accompanying editorial, Otis Brawley, MD, MACP, Chief Medical Officer of the American Cancer Society says that it's time to accept that over diagnosis is real and that the benefits of breast screening have been overstated.

He writes that "considering all small breast cancer lesions to be deadly aggressive cancer is the "pathology equivalent of racial profiling."

This does not mean that screening should be abandoned, but we should try to recognise its limitations, use it in the most effective way possible, and try to improve it.

Dr Brawley suggests that more emphasis should be focused on preventing breast cancer through diet, weight control, and exercise.

Source: American College of Physicians